History
Operational History
By July of 1956, construction of the first B-58 was
well underway. The name Hustler was officially applied to the aircraft at this
time, although it had been used in-house at Convair for years before that.
The delays in the B-58 program were such that the development of the General
Electric J79 engine caught up with the Convair airframe program and the initial
flight testing with the J57 was not necessary. By August, the four YJ79-GE-1
engines had arrived at Convair. The YJ79-GE-1 was an early test version of the
J79 and was nominally rated at 9300 lb.s.t. dry and 14,350 lb.s.t. with maximum
afterburner. It was basically an experimental engine and was not capable of
sustained operations with any regularity. Mean time between engine overhauls was
very limited and numerous teething problems were encountered. It was, however,
the first Mach 2-capable production turbojet in its class.
The first B-58, at that time officially designated YB/RB-58 and serialed
55-0660, was completed in late August, and was rolled out of the factory on
September 4, 1956. It had little in the way of operational equipment fitted, the
available space being taken up primarily by test equipment. The first engine
run-up was on October 1, and the first taxi tests began on Oct 29.
55-660 made its maiden flight on November 11, 1956, taking off from the
Convair Fort Worth facilities at Carswell AFB, Texas. John H. Watson and Richard Swenson, fllight control engineers, were in the Control Tower in support of the first flight.The crew of three
consisted of B.A. Erickson, pilot, John. D. McEachern systems specialist, and
Charles P. Harrison as flight test engineer. The underfuselage pod was not
fitted. The maximum speed reached on the first flight was Mach 0.9. Supersonic
flight was first achieved on December 30, at which time Mach 1.17 was attained.
Category I tests began in November, and lasted for about 3000 hours of flight
time. On February 16, 1957, 55-0661 flew for the first time with a pod, a test
MB-1 free-fall pod. On June 29, 1957, 55-0660, while carrying a "dry" MB-1 pod,
reached Mach 2.03 at 43,350 feet. On June 5, 1957, the first pod drop took
place, when 55-0662 released an MB-1 pod while flying at Mach 0.9 at 40,000 feet
over the Holloman AFB test range. Successful drops took place at progressively
higher and higher speeds, culminating on December 20 in a drop at Mach 2.0 from
above 60,000 feet.
B-36, XB-58 and B-50
By the end of 1957, the YB-58 had attained a maximum speed of Mach 2.11 at
altitudes over 50,000 feet. It had made two successful pod drops from 42,000
feet at speeds of over Mach 2. It had maintained a speed of more than Mach 1.15
for 91 minutes.
The J79-GE-1 engines installed on the first YB-58s pending certification of
the J79-GE-5s had some flaws. Malfunctions in the fuel system caused the fuel to
slosh around (fuel stacking) in the fuel tanks when the aircraft accelerated or
slowed down, causing stability problems. Problems with the afterburners caused
intermittent yawing at supersonic speeds. There were acoustical and sonic
fatigue problems caused by excessive vibration in the engines. Some
fatigue-related cracks began to appear along the rivet lines in the forward
sections of the fuselage. There were problems with the wheel braking system.
Because of inadequate heat dissipation while braking, tire failures were
frequent during landings at high gross weights as well at high taxiing speeds.
The ejection seats originally provided were unsafe at high speeds due to
insufficient thrust. Slippage in the bombing navigation subsystem development
program threatened a delay in the delivery of the initial service aircraft.
One engineless B-58 airframe (never assigned a serial number but built
between 55-663 and 55-664) was allocated to long-term fatigue testing. The
airframe was delivered to the Wright Development Center Structures Test
Laboratory at Wright-Patterson AFB in Ohio by adapting B-36F 49-2677 as a
transport, carrying the airframe underneath its fuselage in much the same manner
as had been intended in the original parasite program. In order to do this, the
B-36's inboard propellers had to be removed and a temporary shackle system was
attached to the bomb hoist mechanism. The ground clearance for the suspended
B-58 airframe was only 22 inches. This delivery took place on March 12, 1957.
After delivery, four engines were added to the airframe to make the fatigue
tests more realistic. The photographs released of the B-36/B-58 airframe
combination were misunderstood by some who imagined that the B-36 actually
launched the B-58 in mid-air!
The first YJ79-GE-5s arrived at Convair on September 27, 1957. Refueling
tests began on June 11, 1958. The B-58 proved to be entirely compatible with the
KC-135 tanker and was relatively easy to refuel in-flight.
Category II tests officially started in March of 1959, but actually began in
February of 1958 since some tests normally done under Category I were done under
Category II. This was because of the November 1957 decision to consolidate the
B-58 test program under the weapons system office. These tests included pod
drops and aerial refueling. Category II testing was completed on June 30, 1960,
after achieving 1216 flight hours in 256 sorties. Two YB-58As were flight tested
from Edwards AFB, California and from Convair's Fort Worth airfield. Another
aircraft went to Eglin AFB, Florida for climatic hangar evaluation. The
accelerated service test of the J79-GE-5 engine was started under Category II,
but completed under Category III when SAC crews accumulated 170 additional hours
of flight. Seven test aircraft were lost between December 1958 and June 1960,
including one which disintegrated in flight.
On June 11, 1959, the Air Force announced that it planned to purchase 290
B-58s, including the 30 pre-production and test aircraft. They would be used to
equip a 5-wing force. It was anticipated that the first tactical wing would be
ready in November of 1960.
The first combat-ready production aircraft (B-58 number 31, 59-2428) was
ready in the spring of 1959. In the meantime, the B-58 program was once again in
jeopardy. On July 14, 1959, General Thomas Power was informed by the Pentagon
that there were insufficient funds to satisfy all of SAC's needs. At that time,
some 290 B-58s were scheduled for production, at a peak rate of 6 per month.
There would have to be major cutbacks. By December of 1959, SAC had scaled back
its plans and was now going to buy only 148 aircraft.
The cost of the 118 aircraft now scheduled through FY 1961 was estimated at
about 3 billion dollars, which made each B-58 literally worth more than its
weight in gold. In addition, the first operational squadron was now delayed from
June to December of 1960 for activation, and the first wing of 36 rather than 45
aircraft would be ready in August of 1961.
Several accidents had revealed that the Convair-developed ejection seats were
not sufficient to protect the crew throughout the B-58's performance envelope.
Consequently, an encapsulated seat built by Stanley Aviation Corporation of
Denver, Colorado was adopted.
Due to the delays in the B-58 program, the various aircraft that had been
delivered had great variation in equipment, systems updates, maintenance
requirements and capabilities. As a result, the USAF instituted the Senior
Flash-Up program to update and normalize the aircraft in the inventory. The
first aircraft to go through the program was delivered to SAC on November 7,
1960. Among the changes introduced were anti-icing systems, electronic
countermeasures gear, an improved HACON and TACAN installations, and a
structurally improved vertical fin and fuselage empennage systems.
As the flight test program neared completion, the Air Force was faced with
the problem of what to do with the flight test aircraft. Many of them had low
times on their airframes and were hence still viable from a useful life
standpoint. It was decided that these aircraft would be updated and configured
for operational service under a program named Junior Flash-Up, which started in
February of 1960. Later, other low airframe time pre-production aircraft were
added to the program. Eventually, eleven of the 17 test aircraft produced under
the second B-58 contract were upgraded.
On October 15, 1959, 58-1015 flew from Seattle, Washington to Carswell AFB in
70 minutes at an average speed of nearly 1320 mph. This was the first sustained
Mach 2 flight.
In mid-1960 a lack of funds, competition from other weapon systems, and a
variety of complex and at times biased, political and technological decisions
had all combined to cause delays in the B-58's operational deployment.
Consequently, although the aircraft had been scheduled to become operational in
June, it was not activiated and it did not appear likely to be activated until
at least January, 1961.
The accident rate in 1959 and 1960 had also raised concerns which contributed
to the delay. The first accident had taken place on December 16, 1958, near
Cannon AFB, New Mexico when 58-0018 was lost. The accident was attributed to a
loss of control during normal flight when autotrim and ratio changer were
rendered inoperative due to an electrical system failure. On May 14, 1959,
58-1012 was destroyed by fire during a refueling operation at Carswell AFB.
58-1017 was destroyed on September 16 of that year when a tire blew during
takeoff from Carswell AFB. On October 27, 55-0669 was destroyed near
Hattiesburg, Mississippi when it lost control during normal flight. On November
7, 55-0664 was destroyed during a high-speed test flight near Lawton, Oklahoma
when it disintegrated in mid-air. Convair test pilot Raymond Fitzgerald and
Convair flight engineer Donald A. Siedhof were both killed in this accident. The
flight was attempting to collect vertical fin side loads data under the
conditions of the loss of an engine at high speed. On April 22, 1960 a failure
of the Mach/airspeed/air data system caused the loss of 58-1023 near Hill AFB,
Utah. On June 4, 1960, 55-0667 was lost due to pilot error while flying at
supersonic speed near Lubbock, Texas.
The accident rate made SAC apprehensive about the reliability of the aircraft
in service, and led to postponement of Category III testing. In addition, the
Fitzgerald accident raised questions about certain aspects of the complex flight
control system, in particular the PCLA hydraulic system. As a result, B-58s were
restricted to subsonic flight only for nearly a year afterwards until the
control system and tail structure could be modified.
In all fairness, it should be noted that the B-58 operated in a flight regime
that was unheard of at the time. The B-58 cruised at over two times the speed of
the bombers that came before it. The leap forward in performance for which this
aircraft was designed adds risks that must be considered when looking at the
initial safety record. In addition, Maj. Gen. Curtis E. LeMay initially favored
B-36 pilots over B-47 and B-52 pilots for unknown reasons. Whether the
substantial flying technique transitions these pilots had to make contributed
the initial accident rate is unclear today.
SAC was still planning on three B-58 wings, since they concluded that a
small, fully operational B-58 force would force the Soviet Union to develop some
system of Mach 2 defenses that could cover all possible targets or accept the
amount of destruction that a three-wing force could inflict. Most of the major
targets west of the Urals would be vulnerable to an attack by refueled B-58s,
with the B-52 and B-47 fleets providing mutual support for penetration of Soviet
early warning and defense nets. The financial cost to the Soviets of developing
a method of defense against the B-58 would be extraordinary and much greater
than the cost of three B-58 bomb wings. With Mach 2 high altitude performance,
the B-58 would greatly improve the overall strategic capability of SAC and
require the Soviet Union to spend money at an unsustainable rate to defend
against it. History has now shown that the demise of the Soviet Union was
accelerated by such expenditures.
Meanwhile, SAC had assumed that a three-wing B-58 fleet would be funded. The
first two wings would be based at Carswell AFB and Bunker Hill AFB, but SAC was
not sure where the third one would be located. General Power, Lt. Gen. J.P.
McConnell, and other SAC officers argued that the third wing should be at Little
Rock AFB in Arkansas. General Power asked his staff to start planning for the
aircraft, along with a fleet of KC-135 tankers, to be located at this base.
In January of 1960, the USAF announced its intention to activate the first
B-58 Wing. This was to be the 43rd BW, at that time based at Davis-Monthan AFB
in Arizona. The 43rd BW would be moved to Carswell AFB starting on March 1. The
3958th Operational, Test and Evaluation Unit (then functioning as an integral
unit at Carswell) would be transferred to the 43rd BW upon its arrival. On
August 1, 1960, the USAF finally formally assumed B-58 operations responsibility
and began Category III testing. 59-2436, the first fully-operational Hustler
equipped with all tactical systems, was delivered to the 43rd. Two weeks later,
the first TB-58A was delivered to Carswell AFB.
The 43rd BW received its first B-58 on March 15, 1960. On March 23, a test
unit B-58A (55-0671) remained airborne for 18 hours 10 minutes while averaging
an airspeed of 620 mph over 11,000 miles. This was apparently the
longest-lasting single flight ever by a B-58. The 43rd BW received deliveries
beginning in December of 1960. However, technical difficulties continued to
plague the B-58, and on March 10, 1961 SAC had once again to set back the
operational readiness date of the 43rd BW.
The second wing to receive the B-58 was the 305th BW at Bunker Hill AFB.
Equipping of the wing began in December of 1960. Following official instigation
of the reorganization of the unit on January 9, 1961 and its attainment of wing
status on February 1, the first aircraft was flown to Bunker Hill on May 11. Two
months later, the first TB-58A arrived. The wing was declared operationally
ready in August of 1962.
In late 1960, in order to put pressure on the Soviets, the USAF decided to
publicize the capabilities of its new B-58s by capturing a series of aviation
records. The first of these was a project known as Quick Step I in which 59-2442
of the 43rd BW set three new speed-with-payload records (0, 1000 and 2000
kilogram payloads) by flying at a speed of 1061 mph over a closed circuit
2000-kilometer course on January 12, 1961. On the same flight, the crew also set
a 1000-kilometer record by flying at an average speed of 1200.19 mph. The closed
circuit and 2000-kg records still stand.
On January 14, 59-2441 set three international speed-with-payload records by
flying at a speed of 1284.73 mph over a 1000-km closed circuit. The crew of
59-2441 (Lt. Col. Harold Confer, Lt. Col. Richard Weir and Major Howard Bialas)
were awarded the 1961 Thompson Trophy for this feat.
On May 10, 1961, 59-2451 crewed by Major Elmer Murphy, Major Eugene Moses and
Lt. David Dickerson, flew a 1073-kilometer closed course at an average speed of
1302.07 mph, taking 30 minutes and 43 seconds to complete the course. This won
the Bleriot Trophy, which had been established back in 1930 by the famous French
aviator M. Louis Bleriot to be awarded permanently to any aircraft flying for at
least a half-hour at an average speed of 2000 km/hr (1242.74 mph).
On May 26, 1961, 59-2451, crewed by Maj. William Payne, Capt. William
Polhemus and Capt. Raymond Wagener, while en route to the 1961 Paris Air Show,
set a New York-to-Paris speed record, covering the 3626.46 mile route in 3
hours, 19 minutes, 58 seconds (an average speed of 1089.36 mph). The flight also
set a Washington, D.C.-to-Paris (3833.4 miles) speed record of 3 hours, 39
minutes, 48 seconds (average speed of 1048.68 mph). The crew was later awarded
the prestigious Mackay and Harmon Trophies for this flight. Sadly, the return
flight crew, consisting of Maj. Elmer Murphy, Major Eugene Moses and Lt. David
Dickerson (the same crew who had won the Bleriot Trophy two weeks earlier) were
killed when 59-2451 crashed on June 3 following departure from Le Bourget Field.
Further records were set on March 5, 1962, when 59-2458 crewed by Capt.
Robert Sowers, Capt. Robert Macdonald and Capt. John Walton set a
transcontinental speed record by flying non-stop from Los Angeles to New York
and back again. The first leg (Los Angeles to New York) was completed in 2
hours, 0 minutes, 56.8 seconds at an average speed of 1214.71 mph. The return
leg was completed in 2 hours, 15 minutes, 48.6 seconds, at an average speed of
1081.77 mph. This return flight was particularly notable, because it was the
first transcontinental flight in history that moved across the country at a
speed faster than the rotational speed of the earth!
The 43rd BW was declared combat-ready in August of 1962. The wing was first
placed on alert in September of 1962.
On September 18, 1962, 59-2456, with a crew consisting of Major Fitzhugh
Fulton, Captain W.R. Payne and civilian flight test engineer C.R. Haines was
used to set two more records. During a zoom climb over Edwards AFB, the aircraft
reached an altitude of 85,360.84 feet while carrying a payload of 5000 kg,
winning the crew the 1962 Harmon trophy. This broke two previous Soviet-held
records.
On October 16, 1962, 61-2059 crewed by Major Sidney Kubesch, Major John
Barrett and Captain Gerard Williamson, flew supersonically from Tokyo to London,
spending five hours at supersonic speed. The flight set five world absolute
records.
Two USAF Bomb Wings operated the B-58:
43rd Bomb Wing, Carswell AFB (later
moved to Little Rock AFB)
63rd Bomb Squadron
64th Bomb Squadron
65th Bomb
Squadron
305th Bomb Wing, Bunker Hill AFB
(renamed Grissom AFB in May 1968)
364th Bomb Squadron
365th Bomb Squadron
366th Bomb Squadron
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![[Michael Barratt]](http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/portraits/barratt-thumbnail.jpg)
